EOR

Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR)

Peningkatan perolehan produksi minyak, adalah usaha yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan produksi minyak dengan cara merubah sifat batuan atau fluida reservoir. Metode ini adalah usaha terakhir yang dilakukan di lapangan minyak biaasa dikenal dengan tertiary recovery, sebelum lapangan ditinggalkan.

Perlu kajian teknis dan ekonomis, untuk menilai proyek EOR ini layak untuk dikerjakan. Jenis-jenis EOR ini sendiri dapat digolongkan menjadi beberapa jenis. Diantaranya :
1. Thermal
- Steam flood : Menginjeksikan uap air ke dalam reservoir, tujuannya adalah untuk menurunkan kekentalan minyak sehingga dapat mengalir. Contoh : Proyek steamflood di Duri, Riau.
2. Electromagnet
menggunakan induksi magnetik untuk menggerakkan minyak
3. Chemical
- ASP (Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer) : Menginjeksikan bahan kimia/ chemical ke dalam reservoir untuk mendorong minyak

Biaya investasi untuk pengembangan EOR ini relatif tinggi, karena memubutuhkan peralatan dan teknologi yang canggih. Beberapa lapangan minyak di Indonesia sudah mulai memasuki fase ini.

Formation oil reservoir

The crude oil found in oil reservoirs forms in the Earth's crust from the remains of living things. Crude oil is properly known as petroleum, and is a kind of fossil fuel. Scientific evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal remains into crude oil and natural gas.

Roy Nurmi, an interpretation adviser for Schlumberger described the process as follows: "Plankton and algae, proteins and the life that's floating in the sea, as it dies, falls to the bottom, and these organisms are going to be the source of our oil and gas. When they're buried with the accumulating sediment and reach an adequate temperature, something above 50 to 70 °C they start to cook. This transformation, this change, changes them into the liquid hydrocarbons that move and migrate, will become our oil and gas reservoir."^[1]

In addition to the water environment mentioned, which is usually a sea but might also be a river, lake, coral reef or algal mat, the formation of an oil or gas reservoir also requires a sedimentary basin that passes through four steps: burial under miles of sand and mud, pressure cooking, hydrocarbon migration from the source to porous rock, and trapping by impermeable rock. Timing is also an important consideration; it is suggested that the Ohio River Valley could have had as much oil as the Middle East at one time, but that it escaped due to a lack of traps.^[2] The North Sea, on the other hand, endured millions of years of sea level changes that successfully resulted in the formation of more than 150 oilfields.^[3]

Although the process is generally the same, various environmental factors lead to the creation of a wide variety of reservoirs. Reservoirs exist anywhere from 1,000 to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) below the surface and are a variety of shapes, sizes and ages.^[4]

Horizontal drilling

Because the pipe that drives oil drills is surprisingly flexible, a horizontal well can snake around to reach isolated pockets or follow a reservoir that meanders across the terrain.

Horizontal drilling has evolved over the past 25 years, and even though it remains more expensive than vertical drilling, greater productivity led to rapid acceptance. Between 3,000 and 4,000 wells are drilled annually with the technology. The record hole is a long-haul monster that wanders almost 7 miles, on the coast of southern England in the Wytch Farm oil field.

RI's natural gas production surpassing crude oil

Indonesia's natural gas production has continued to increase from year to year and is now replacing the position of natural oil production which is now declining, a legislator said.
Chairman of Commission VII of the House of Representatives (DPR) which deals with energy affairs, Airlangga Hartarto said Sunday that natural gas whose production was increasing would continue to become a strategic commodity in the future.
"The increasing volumes of gas and coal production will make these commodities to continue to be strategic in the future and to replace the position of oil which is declining," he said.
A hearing between Commission VII of the House and Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro on Wednesday agreed to include gas and coal production into the assumption of the 2009 state budget.
Airlangga said both sides agreed to include gas and coal into the assumption of the 2009 state budget because the state revenues from these two commodities were significantly big.
Minister Purnomo said in the past oil was a primary commodity but now its production was declining and its role had been replaced by gas and coals whose production was significantly increasing.
Data available at the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry revenues from these two commodities were significantly big.
Minister Purnomo said in the past oil was a primary commodity but now its production was declining and its role had been replaced by gas and coals whose production was significantly increasing.
Data available at the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry indicated that gas production in 2009 is estimated at over 10,000 million metric standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD).
This year's gas production is estimated at 9,946 MMSCFD.
Data show that gas production in 2007 was 8,901 MMSCFD and in 2006 it was recorded at 8,280 MMSCFD.
Gas domestic consumption also continues to increase where in 2006 gas exports were recorded at 64.97 percent while domestic consumption was 35.03 percent. In 2007, the portion of domestic consumption gas increased to 37.02 percent while that of exports dropped to 62.98 percent.
Purnomo said that the composition of gas exports and gas domestic consumption would be balanced at 50 percent this year. (*)

taken from the jakarta post, 22nd jan 09

Indonesian-OIL

Indonesia's oil production was formally governed by a quota allocation from OPEC. At the March 1991 OPEC ministerial meeting, Indonesia's quota was set at 1.445 million barrels per day, below the country's estimated production capacity of 1.7 million barrels per day. Indonesia's quota represented about 6 percent of total OPEC production. About 70 percent of Indonesia's annual oil production was exported on average during the late 1980s, but domestic consumption was increasing steadily and reached half of annual oil production by 1990.
Indonesia's oil industry is one of the oldest in the world. Oil in commercial quantities was discovered in northern Sumatra in 1883, leading to the establishment of the Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Petroleum-bronnen in NederlandschIndië (Royal Dutch Company for Exploration of Petroleum sources in the Netherlands Indies) in 1890, which was merged in 1907 with the Shell Transport and Trading Company, a British concern that had been drilling in Kalimantan since 1891, to form Royal Dutch Shell. Royal Dutch Shell dominated colonial oil exploration for more than thirty years. By 1911 Royal Dutch Shell operated concessions in Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan (then called Borneo), and Indonesian oil was almost 4 percent of total world production. Indonesia's most important oil fields, the Duri and Minas fields in the central Sumatran basin, were discovered just prior to World War II by Caltex, a joint venture between the American companies Chevron and Texaco, although production did not begin until the 1950s. By 1963 the Duri and Minas oil fields, located in Riau Province near the town of Dumai, accounted for 50 percent of oil production.
The postindependence government increased its control over the oil sector during the 1950s and 1960s by increasing operations of several government-owned oil companies and by stiffening the terms of contracts with foreign oil firms. In 1968 the government companies--Indonesian Oil Mining company (Pertamin), National Oil Mining Company (Permina), and the National Oil and Gas Company (Permigan)--were consolidated into a single operation, the National Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company (Pertamina). At this time, a new form of contract--the production-sharing contract--was introduced. A production-sharing contract split total oil production between the contractor and the government, represented by Pertamina, and allowed the government to assume ownership of structures and equipment used for exploration and production within Indonesia. Indonesia's contract terms were considered among the toughest in the world, with the government in most cases receiving 85 percent of oil produced once the foreign company recovered costs.

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